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Related Experiment Videos

Performance study of diffusive gradients in thin films for 55 elements.

Oyvind Aaberg Garmo1, Oddvar Røyset, Eiliv Steinnes

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.

Analytical Chemistry
|October 23, 2003
PubMed
Summary
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Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) effectively measures labile metal ions in water. This study established new DGT diffusion coefficients for lanthanides and validated DGT performance for 55 elements, improving metal ion analysis.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) is a valuable tool for in situ measurements of labile metal ions in aquatic environments.
  • Accurate diffusion coefficients are crucial for interpreting DGT measurements and assessing metal ion bioavailability.
  • Previous studies have established DGT diffusion coefficients for various elements, but gaps remain, particularly for lanthanides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the applicability of DGT for measuring labile metal ions by comparing independently determined diffusion coefficients with DGT effective diffusion coefficients (D(DGT)) for 55 elements.
  • To establish a novel set of D(DGT) values for lanthanides.
  • To evaluate the performance of DGT for a wide range of elements and optimize elution procedures.

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Main Methods:

  • DGT samplers were exposed in controlled conditions (fluid velocity 0.1 m s(-1), concentration 1 ng mL(-1)) at pH levels ranging from 4.7 to 6.0.
  • D(DGT) values were determined from the uptake of metal ions by the DGT sampler.
  • A new elution procedure using concentrated nitric acid was developed and tested for efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Measured D(DGT) values for Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Al, Mn, and Ga generally agreed with published data, with minor deviations for Pb and Zn.
  • Uptake of V, Cr, Fe, U, Mo, Ti, Ba, and Sr showed pH-dependent variations, indicating areas for further investigation.
  • Novel D(DGT) values for lanthanides were established, showing 10-15% lower diffusion coefficients in the hydrogel compared to free ions in water, confirming lanthanides as new performance test metals for DGT.
  • Low accumulation (D(DGT) < 10% of theoretical) was observed for Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, B, Tl, P, S, As, Bi, Se, Si, Sn, Sb, Te, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, W, Th, and Ag.
  • Elution efficiencies of 95-100% were achieved for most metals using the optimized nitric acid procedure.
  • Detection limits ranging from 0.001 to 1 ng mL(-1) were achieved with 24-hour deployments.

Conclusions:

  • The study validated the applicability of DGT for a broad range of elements, establishing new performance benchmarks.
  • The newly determined D(DGT) values for lanthanides enhance the utility of DGT for studying these important trace elements.
  • An improved elution method and achievable low detection limits demonstrate the continued refinement and effectiveness of DGT for environmental metal ion monitoring.