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Updated: Aug 30, 2026

3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii
Published on: December 9, 2014
Redescription of Hammondia hammondi and its differentiation from Toxoplasma gondii
1United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. jdubey@anri.barc.usda.gov
Hammondia hammondi is a protozoan parasite that, until 1975, was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii. Recently, the validity of H. hammondi has been questioned. In this article, the authors redescribe the parasite and its life cycle, provide accession numbers to its specimens deposited in a museum, and distinguish it structurally and biologically from T. gondii. Hammondia hammondi was found to be structurally, biologically, and molecularly different from T. gondii.
Hammondia hammondi is a protozoan parasite that, until 1975, was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii. Recently, the validity of H. hammondi has been questioned. In this article, the authors redescribe the parasite and its life cycle, provide accession numbers to its specimens deposited in a museum, and distinguish it structurally and biologically from T. gondii. Hammondia hammondi was found to be structurally, biologically, and molecularly different from T. gondii.
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