Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1: a novel biomarker for p53 pathway activation

The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays a key function in the cellular response to stress by activating a subset of genes responsible for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Activation of the p53 pathway in tumor cells has been proposed as a novel approach to cancer therapy and substantial efforts have been dedicated to the discovery of pharmacological p53 activators. Here, we show that the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily cytokine, macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), can serve as a secreted biomarker for activation of p53 in both cellular and xenograft models of human cancer. Using doxorubicin treatment in the HCT116 colon cancer cell line, we have shown that MIC-1 secretion into culture media is correlated with p53 pathway activation as measured by the up-regulation of its downstream transcriptional target p21. When transplanted into nude mice, HCT116 cells continued to secret human MIC-1 and mouse plasma levels correlated well with tumor volume. Treatment of these animals with a single dose of doxorubicin led to activation of the p53 pathway and a nearly 4-fold elevation of the plasma MIC-1 level, which was paralleled by p21 induction in the tumor xenografts. Estimation of MIC-1 concentration, both in vivo and in vitro, represents a novel tool for the study of p53 pathway and development of p53-activating therapeutics.