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Ricin poisoning.

Sally M Bradberry1, Kirsten J Dickers, Paul Rice

  • 1National Poisons Information Service (Birmingham Centre), West Midlands Poisons Unit, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK. sallybradberry@npis.org

Toxicological Reviews
|October 29, 2003
PubMed
Summary
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Ricin toxin from castor beans is a potential chemical weapon. Exposure via inhalation or injection is most hazardous, with lethal doses as low as 5-10 micrograms/kg.

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Warfare Agents

Background:

  • Ricin is a potent toxin derived from Ricinus communis beans.
  • It poses a significant threat as a potential chemical weapon.
  • Ricin's mechanism involves inhibiting protein synthesis after cellular internalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the toxicological properties of ricin.
  • To outline the primary routes of ricin exposure and their associated hazards.
  • To discuss the clinical manifestations and management of ricin toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ricin toxicology.
  • Analysis of ricin's mechanism of action at the cellular level.
  • Estimation of lethal doses based on available data.

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Main Results:

  • Ricin toxicity primarily affects the reticuloendothelial system, causing fluid loss, bleeding, and edema.
  • Poor oral absorption and unlikely skin absorption; inhalation and injection are the most dangerous exposure routes.
  • Estimated lethal dose for humans is 5-10 micrograms/kg via inhalation or injection, with rapid fatality possible.

Conclusions:

  • Ricin is a highly toxic substance with severe health implications.
  • Effective management of ricin exposure is currently supportive.
  • Prophylactic immunization is under development but not yet practical for civilian use.