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Updated: Aug 30, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Published on: December 6, 2016
Technical protocol for the use of esophageal manometry in the diagnosis of sleep-related breathing disorders
Clete A Kushida1, Angela Giacomini, Matthias K Lee
1Stanford University Center of Excellence for Sleep Disorders, 401 Quarry Road, Suite 3301, Stanford, CA 94305-5730, USA. clete@stanford.edu
Abstract:
A time-tested protocol for intrathoracic pressure monitoring during sleep is described. This method of esophageal manometry uses a fluid-filled catheter to measure variations in transmitted intrathoracic pressure with respiration. Esophageal manometry is an invaluable tool for the sleep specialist in the diagnosis of sleep-related breathing disorders, especially for detecting cases of upper airway resistance syndrome and for distinguishing subtle central apneas from obstructive events. The methods for scoring esophageal pressure, the indications and contraindications for esophageal manometry, the use of esophageal manometry as the 'gold standard' for the measurement of respiratory effort, and directions for future research are also discussed.
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