Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 30, 2026

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker
Published on: December 18, 2014
[Metoprolol CR/XL: advanced formulation of a classical beta-blocker]
1Russian University of Peoples Friendship, ul. Vavilova 61, 117292 Moscow, Russia.
Abstract:
Metoprolol is a selective beta(1)-adrenergic antagonist extensively used in major fields of cardiology since 1975. Metoprolol has proven its efficacy in reducing cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with hypertension and coronary heart disease in large clinical trials. Recently developed controlled release/extended release (CR/XL) formulation of metoprolol succinate was designed to provide relatively constant metoprolol plasma concentrations and beta(1)-blockade while retaining the convenience of once daily administration. The avoidance of high peak plasma concentrations with metoprolol succinate is associated with lesser degree of adverse effects and may improve patients compliance. This formulation of metoprolol has demonstrated efficacy in reducing cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with heart failure. More recently evidence for antiatherogenic activity of metoprolol succinate has been also obtained.
Related Concept Videos
Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers
Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of β-Receptor Blockers
Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of β-Receptor Blockers
Antihypertensive Drugs: Types of β-Blockers
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers
Antianginal Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers and Ranolazine
CCBs, a diverse class that includes dihydropyridines (nifedipine) and diphenylalkylamines (verapamil and diltiazem), exert their effect by blocking calcium channels in cardiac and smooth muscle cells. This...