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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

7.3K
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
7.3K
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
209
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

280
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
280
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

359
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
359
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

269
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
269

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test SIT using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal RHE Model
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An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test SIT using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal RHE Model

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Evaluation of the Multi-Test device for immediate hypersensitivity skin testing.

R B Berkowitz1, D G Tinkelman, C Lutz

  • 1Atlanta Allergy and Immunology Research Foundation, GA.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|December 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

The Multi-Test skin testing device demonstrates high reliability and reproducibility in allergy testing. It shows minimal user variability and accurately measures reactions without affecting adjacent skin sites.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Medical Device Evaluation

Background:

  • Skin testing is crucial for diagnosing allergies.
  • Evaluating the reliability of new skin testing devices is essential for clinical practice.
  • The Multi-Test device aims to standardize and improve skin testing procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the test-to-test reproducibility of the Multi-Test skin testing device.
  • To evaluate user variability associated with the Multi-Test device.
  • To determine the effect of positive skin reactions on adjacent negative control sites.

Main Methods:

  • 2688 skin tests were performed on 49 patients using histamine, glycerosaline, and dry controls.
  • Two testing sessions were conducted 7 days apart to assess reproducibility.
  • User variability was assessed by comparing wheal sizes produced by different nurses.
  • The impact of large reactions on adjacent sites was evaluated using higher histamine concentrations and allergens.

Main Results:

  • Large histamine reactions (mean > 10 mm) showed better reproducibility (CV 12.3%) than smaller reactions (mean < 7 mm, CV 21.4%).
  • User variability in mean wheal size was 14%, but variability in coefficients of variation was only 1.2%.
  • Neither small histamine reactions nor large histamine/allergen reactions affected adjacent negative control sites.

Conclusions:

  • The Multi-Test device is a highly reliable skin testing technique.
  • The device provides good reproducibility of allergy test results.
  • The Multi-Test device exhibits low user variability, making it suitable for clinical use.