[Respiratory physiotherapy in lung diseases]

Functionally COPD is characterized by a reduction in airflow and an increase in dead space. Physical therapy and breathing training is designed to increase tidal volume, decrease respiratory rate and sense of dysponea. The respiratory exercises include controlled breathing, diaphragmatic and pursed-lip breathing. Postural drainage has, in most parts of the world, been replaced by airway clearance regimens that include forced expiratory manoeuvres or technique of breathing at different airflow and lung volume. Percussions and external or internal vibrations are seldom justified in adults. About instrumental chest physiotherapy with positive expiratory pressure support, the literature is confusing except for non invasive ventilation in acute stages. Dyspnoea, impaired exercise tolerance and reduced quality of life are common complaints in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation has been strongly established by randomized controlled trials as reported by recent meta-analysis. The training intensity is of key importance. High-intensity training is feasible even in patients with more advanced COPD. There is substantial evidence that lower extremity endurance training should be included in the rehabilitation programs. There are beneficial effects of upper extremity endurance and strength training. Ventilatory muscle training may be considered in individual patients. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs must also be comprehensive and flexible to address each patients' need and include smoking cessation, optimal medical treatment, nutritional intervention, psychosocial support and health education. The maintenance of benefits after pulmonary rehabilitation is possible with minimal maintenance of activity.