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Immunomodulation by lead.

Vijay K Singh1, Kamla P Mishra, Reena Rani

  • 1Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. singh@afrri.usuhs.mil

Immunologic Research
|November 12, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Lead exposure, a significant environmental health risk, can alter immune responses in both humans and animals. This review examines lead

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Immunology
  • Heavy metal toxicity

Background:

  • Lead is a pervasive environmental pollutant and potential human carcinogen.
  • Lead exposure poses a serious threat to human health and can modulate immune responses.
  • The immune system's sensitivity to lead may exceed that for other toxicological parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunomodulatory effects of lead on cellular and humoral immunity.
  • To discuss lead's impact on various immune cells and soluble mediators.
  • To highlight the potential for similar effects in domestic animals due to immune system similarities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on lead's immunomodulatory effects.
  • Analysis of data concerning lead's impact on immune cell function (B cells, T cells, NK cells).
  • Examination of lead's influence on soluble immune mediators (cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide).

Main Results:

  • Lead exposure can both stimulate and suppress immune responses, depending on the T helper (Th)1 vs Th2 balance.
  • Effects on immune cells like B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells are modulated by lead.
  • Lead influences the production of soluble mediators including cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide (NO).

Conclusions:

  • Lead acts as an immunomodulator, affecting key components of both innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Given conserved mammalian immune systems, domestic and food-producing animals likely experience similar quantifiable immunotoxic effects as rodents.
  • Understanding lead's immunomodulatory role is crucial for assessing its overall health risks in humans and animals.

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