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Can we see living structure in a cell?

G N Ling1

  • 1Damadian Foundation for Basic and Cancer Research, c/o Fonar Corporation, Melville, N.Y. 11747.

Scanning Microscopy
|June 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

The association-induction hypothesis reintroduces colloid chemistry and protoplasm, explaining cell physiology through water, protein, and potassium interactions. This revisits early concepts, challenging the dominant membrane-pump theory with new evidence.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Physiology
  • Biophysics
  • Colloid Chemistry

Background:

  • Colloid chemistry and protoplasm concepts were abandoned for the membrane-pump theory.
  • The membrane-pump theory posits cell solutes are free, akin to a dilute solution.
  • Recent findings question the membrane-pump theory's validity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the association-induction (AI) hypothesis as a new theory of the living cell.
  • To review evidence supporting the AI hypothesis.
  • To redefine protoplasm and colloid chemistry based on the AI hypothesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of extensive evidence supporting the AI hypothesis.
  • Extension of AI hypothesis concepts with new protein primary structure knowledge.
  • Analysis of cell water and ion adsorption mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The AI hypothesis describes the living state as an associated, low-entropy state of water, proteins, and potassium (K+).
  • Cell water is adsorbed in multilayers on extended proteins; K+ is adsorbed on protein carboxyl groups.
  • New understanding of protein structure clarifies differences between gelatin and other proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The AI hypothesis offers a viable alternative to the membrane-pump theory.
  • The revival of protoplasm concept links cell anatomy with physiology.
  • Electron microscopy approaches visualizing living cell structures.

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