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Related Concept Videos

What are Cells?01:07

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.Basic Characteristics of CellsA living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.Furthermore, a living cell possesses genetic information...
Cell Size01:22

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.Surface AreaCells can take in nutrients and water via diffusion through the plasma membrane itself or through specific channels in the membrane. The area of the membrane surrounding the cells limits the...
What are Cells?01:15

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
Basic Characteristics of Cells
A living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
Furthermore, a living cell possesses genetic information...
Animal and Plant Cell Structure01:30

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
Cell Division
Though both plant and animal cells divide by mitosis (for non-gametic cells) and meiosis (for gametic cells), they differ in the specifics of this process. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrosomes — an organelle responsible for organizing the spindle fibers and segregating the chromosomes during cell...
Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview01:18

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body's structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks of matter: subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules. All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of...
Cell Diversity01:13

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term "cell" based on the resemblance of the small subdivisions in the cork to the rooms that monks inhabited, called cells. About ten years later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe the living and moving cells under a microscope. In the century that followed, the theory that cells represented the basic unit of life developed.
Multicellular organisms...

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Explaining on request a correlation between membrane Na,K-ATPase and K+ content in erythrocytes and other findings in the preceding paper.

Physiological chemistry and physics and medical NMR·1998
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Debunking the alleged resurrection of the sodium pump hypothesis.

Physiological chemistry and physics and medical NMR·1997
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The new cell physiology: an outline, presented against its full historical background, beginning from the beginning.

Physiological chemistry and physics and medical NMR·1994
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A quantitative theory of solute distribution in cell water according to molecular size.

Physiological chemistry and physics and medical NMR·1993
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Predictions of polarized multilayer theory of solute distribution confirmed from a study of the equilibrium distribution in frog muscle of twenty-one nonelectrolytes including five cryoprotectants.

Physiological chemistry and physics and medical NMR·1993
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The majority of potassium ions in muscle cells is adsorbed on beta- and gamma-carboxyl groups of myosin: potassium-ion-adsorbing carboxyl groups on myosin heads engage in cross-bridge formation during contraction.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Chip-based Three-dimensional Cell Culture in Perfused Micro-bioreactors
12:39

Chip-based Three-dimensional Cell Culture in Perfused Micro-bioreactors

Published on: May 21, 2008

Can we see living structure in a cell?

G N Ling1

  • 1Damadian Foundation for Basic and Cancer Research, c/o Fonar Corporation, Melville, N.Y. 11747.

Scanning Microscopy
|June 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

The association-induction hypothesis reintroduces colloid chemistry and protoplasm, explaining cell physiology through water, protein, and potassium interactions. This revisits early concepts, challenging the dominant membrane-pump theory with new evidence.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Physiology
  • Biophysics
  • Colloid Chemistry

Background:

  • Colloid chemistry and protoplasm concepts were abandoned for the membrane-pump theory.
  • The membrane-pump theory posits cell solutes are free, akin to a dilute solution.
  • Recent findings question the membrane-pump theory's validity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the association-induction (AI) hypothesis as a new theory of the living cell.
  • To review evidence supporting the AI hypothesis.
  • To redefine protoplasm and colloid chemistry based on the AI hypothesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of extensive evidence supporting the AI hypothesis.
  • Extension of AI hypothesis concepts with new protein primary structure knowledge.

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Visualizing Single Molecular Complexes In Vivo Using Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy
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Visualizing Single Molecular Complexes In Vivo Using Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy

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The C. elegans Excretory Canal as a Model for Intracellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis in a Single Cell: labeling by GFP-fusions, RNAi Interaction Screen and Imaging
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The C. elegans Excretory Canal as a Model for Intracellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis in a Single Cell: labeling by GFP-fusions, RNAi Interaction Screen and Imaging

Published on: October 3, 2017

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The C. elegans Excretory Canal as a Model for Intracellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis in a Single Cell: labeling by GFP-fusions, RNAi Interaction Screen and Imaging
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The C. elegans Excretory Canal as a Model for Intracellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis in a Single Cell: labeling by GFP-fusions, RNAi Interaction Screen and Imaging

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  • Analysis of cell water and ion adsorption mechanisms.

    • Main Results:

    • The AI hypothesis describes the living state as an associated, low-entropy state of water, proteins, and potassium (K+).
    • Cell water is adsorbed in multilayers on extended proteins; K+ is adsorbed on protein carboxyl groups.
    • New understanding of protein structure clarifies differences between gelatin and other proteins.

    Conclusions:

    • The AI hypothesis offers a viable alternative to the membrane-pump theory.
    • The revival of protoplasm concept links cell anatomy with physiology.
    • Electron microscopy approaches visualizing living cell structures.