Oxidative stress impairs intracellular events involved in antigen processing and presentation to T cells

For T cells to recognize foreign antigens, the latter must be processed into peptides and associated to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules by antigen-presenting cells (APC). APCs frequently operate under stress conditions induced by tissue damage, antigens, or inflammatory reactions. We analyze the effects of oxidative stress on intracellular processing using APC B cell lines. Before being tested for APC function, B cells (IIA1.6) were exposed for 2 hours to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a treatment that impairs their capacity to stimulate specific T cell clones. Because paraformaldehyde-fixed H2O2-treated B cells can still present extracellular peptides to T cell clones, the intracellular events of processing were investigated. Purified lysosomes from H2O2-treated B cells show increased proteolytic activity and increased generation of antigenic peptides. In addition, H2O2 treatment targets antigens to compartments that express low levels of MHC II and proteins (H-2M, H-2O) required for peptide loading onto this molecule. Finally, we suggest that impairment of antigen processing by oxidative stress reduces the induction of a T cell's response because H2O2 decreases the activation of naive T lymphocytes by dendritic cells. Together, these data indicate that oxidative stress inhibits the capacity of APCs to process antigens and to initiate a primary T cell response. The role of such modifications on the outcome of the specific immune response is discussed.