Population genetic structure of the African malaria mosquito Anopheles funestus in Kenya

Anopheles funestus Giles is a major malaria vector in Africa, but little is known about the genetic structure of natural populations. In this study, microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure of A. funestus populations from Kenya. Two populations from western Kenya 80 km apart and two from coastal Kenya 50 km apart were collected and examined for allelic variation at five trinucleotide microsatellite loci. We found A. funestus Giles was the predominant species (> 98%) in the A. funestus group in these populations. The western Kenya populations exhibited higher genetic diversity than the coastal populations. No significant genetic structure for populations within the coastal or western Kenya regions was detected. However, population genetic differentiation between the two regions was high (F(ST) = 0.208, R(ST) = 0.158), approximately two-fold higher than A. gambiae populations from the same area. The results suggest that the minimum area associated with a deme of A. funestus in western or coastal Kenya is larger than 50 km in diameter. The Great Rift Valley in east Africa, high-elevation mountains in western Kenya, and the vast arid area east to the Great Rift Valley may all play a role in restricting A. funestus gene flow between coastal and western Kenya.