NS 398 radiosensitizes an HNSCC cell line by possibly inhibiting radiation-induced expression of COX-2

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein is frequently elevated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). The aim of this study was to determine if COX-2 inhibitors have radiosensitizing effects in HNSCC and understand the mechanism by which this occurs.

The radiosensitizing effects of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS398, on a HNSCC cell line HEp3, were determined using clonogenic survival assay. Cells were pretreated with the dose of NS398 at which 50% growth inhibition occurred (IC(50)) and then irradiated. COX-2 protein and mRNA were then determined in the presence and absence of NS398.

NS398 significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) the calculated survival fraction (SF) for all radiation doses (0.79 to 0.41 at 2 Gy). A significant increase in COX-2 protein of 2.8 fold for 2 Gy and 3.5 fold for 6 Gy was noted 48 h after radiation. Interestingly, the upregulation of COX-2 protein with radiation was suppressed when cells were pretreated with NS398. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed no significant corresponding increase in COX-2 mRNA at 48 h with ionizing radiation.

The radiosensitizing effect of NS398 could be due to inhibition of radiation-induced COX-2 upregulation by this drug. NS398, known as an inhibitor of COX-2 enzyme activity, down-regulated COX-2 protein expression, which may indicate that NS398 can act upstream of COX-2, and this change appears to be post-transcriptional.