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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Apoptin-induced apoptosis: potential for antitumor therapy.

Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy·2006
Same author

Potentiation of a recombinant oncolytic parvovirus by expression of Apoptin.

Cancer gene therapy·2002
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Response to apoptin of diploid fibroblasts from cancer-prone syndromes.

Developments in biologicals·2002
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Studies on the pathogenesis of chicken infectious anaemia virus infection in six-week-old SPF chickens.

Acta veterinaria Hungarica·2001
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The chicken anemia virus-derived protein apoptin requires activation of caspases for induction of apoptosis in human tumor cells.

Journal of virology·2000
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BCL-2 stimulates Apoptin-induced apoptosis.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·1999

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Apoptin-induced apoptosis: a review.

M H Noteborn1

  • 1Leadd BV and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. noteborn@leadd.nl

Apoptosis : an International Journal on Programmed Cell Death
|November 25, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Apoptin, a viral protein, selectively triggers cancer cell death (apoptosis) independently of p53. This protein shows promise as a safe and effective anti-tumor therapy, particularly in animal models.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Apoptin is a protein derived from an avian virus with demonstrated ability to induce apoptosis.
  • Apoptosis is a critical cellular process for eliminating damaged or unwanted cells, and its dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer.
  • The proto-oncogene Bcl-2 typically inhibits apoptosis, but its interaction with Apoptin presents a unique scenario.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of Apoptin-induced apoptosis in various human tumor cell lines.
  • To determine the role of p53 and Bcl-2 in Apoptin's apoptotic activity.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic potential of Apoptin as an anti-cancer agent in preclinical models.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing various human tumorigenic and transformed cell lines (breast, lung, leukemia, lymphoma, osteosarcoma, melanoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoma).

More Related Videos

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

  • Treating cell lines with Apoptin and assessing apoptosis induction.
  • Over-expressing Bcl-2 in normal and tumor cells to study its effect on Apoptin activity.
  • Evaluating Apoptin's efficacy and safety in animal models.

    • Main Results:

    • Apoptin induced p53-independent apoptosis in diverse human tumor cell lines.
    • The proto-oncogene Bcl-2 accelerated Apoptin-induced apoptosis in tumor cells, contrary to its general inhibitory role.
    • Apoptin did not induce apoptosis in normal human cells, even with Bcl-2 over-expression.
    • Apoptin demonstrated safe and efficient anti-tumor activity in animal models.

    Conclusions:

    • Apoptin selectively targets tumor cells for apoptosis, sparing normal cells.
    • The p53-independent and Bcl-2-accelerated apoptotic pathway makes Apoptin a unique anti-cancer therapeutic candidate.
    • Apoptin represents a promising novel anti-tumor therapy with a favorable safety profile.