A PERIOD inhibitor buffer introduces a delay mechanism for CLK/CYC-activated transcription

We investigated the functions of clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim) in establishing negative feedback on circadian transcription factors clock/cycle (Clk/cyc) in Drosophila. We show that PER protein persists for several hours after rapid degradation of TIM in the morning. We observed in cell culture that isolated PER inhibits CLK/CYC-activated transcription in the absence of TIM and we further demonstrated for the first time in vivo that PER accumulation in a tim loss-of-function mutant background causes efficient inhibition of CLK/CYC-dependent transcription. These results identify PER to be the main inhibitor for CLK/CYC and they suggest a delay mechanism during early morning, when PER protein, after degradation of TIM, forms an inhibitor buffer for CLK/CYC that attenuates the restart of the next cycle of CLK/CYC-activated transcription. While TIM likely enhances the inhibition of CLK/CYC by PER in the dark, our results suggest a reduction of PER-mediated inhibition by TIM in light.