Apoptosis mediated by a novel leucine zipper protein Par-4

The prostate apoptosis response-4 (par-4) gene was isolated in a differential screen for immediate-early genes that are up-regulated during apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Unlike most other immediate-early genes, par-4 is exclusively induced during apoptosis. The expression or induction of par-4 is not restricted to prostatic cells. The par-4 gene is widely expressed in diverse normal tissues and cell types and conserved during evolution. Par-4 protein contains a leucine zipper domain that is essential for sensitization of cells to apoptosis. Functional studies indicate that par-4 expression is necessary to induce apoptosis. Par-4 protein may induce apoptosis by a p53-independent pathway that involves cytoplasmic inactivation of atypical protein kinase C isoforms resulting in down-regulation of MAP kinase activity and an up-regulation of p38 kinase activity. However, Par-4 is detected in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, suggesting both cytoplasmic and nuclear roles for the pro-apoptotic protein. Interestingly, Par-4 is predicted to contain a death domain homologous to that of Fas or TRADD, and may therefore trigger a death cascade analogous to that of the death domain proteins. Par-4-dependent apoptosis is abrogated by Bcl-2 and by caspase inhibitors. Identification of the components of the p53-independent apoptosis pathway induced by Par-4 may help to further elucidate the mechanism of Par-4 action. Moreover, in view of the pro-apoptotic function of Par-4, its role in diseases, such as cancer and neurogenerative disorders, whose pathophysiology involves apoptotic cell death needs further investigation.