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Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell,...

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings

Published on: November 9, 2016

[Hypertonic solutions for pediatric patients].

Werther Brunow de Carvalho¹

¹Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. wertherbru.dped@epm.br

Jornal De Pediatria

|December 4, 2003

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hypertonic saline solutions offer innovative resuscitation for pediatric trauma and shock. Further studies are needed to confirm survival benefits in children and adults.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings

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Description of a Swine Infant Model of Volume-Controlled Hemorrhagic Shock

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Published on: January 12, 2024

Area of Science:

Pediatric critical care medicine
Emergency medicine
Fluid resuscitation physiology

Context:

Review of current knowledge on hypertonic saline solutions in pediatric patients.
Analysis of physiologic principles governing fluid distribution in different body compartments.
Examination of mechanisms behind rapid cardiocirculatory effects and colloid component influence.

Purpose:

To outline current knowledge and indications for using hypertonic saline solutions in pediatric patients.
To review evidence supporting small-volume resuscitation in various clinical scenarios.
To discuss potential adverse effects and limitations of hypertonic saline use.

Summary:

Hypertonic saline, with or without colloids, represents a significant advancement in trauma and shock resuscitation.
Evidence supports its use in hemorrhagic shock, preclinical trauma, septic shock, and head trauma.
Current applications extend to prehospital, perioperative, and intensive care settings.

Impact:

Hypertonic saline solutions are a key innovation in resuscitation strategies for trauma and shock.
Potential to improve outcomes in critical pediatric conditions.
Highlights the need for further randomized controlled trials to validate efficacy and survival advantages.