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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Protocol for Constructing a Rat Wound Model of Type 1 Diabetes
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Enteroviruses and type 1 diabetes.

Ruben Varela-Calvino1, Mark Peakman

  • 1Department of Immunology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews
|December 4, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Enteroviruses (EV) are investigated as potential environmental triggers for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This review examines the evidence linking EV infections to T1DM development and autoimmunity.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) development is associated with environmental factors.
  • Enteroviruses (EV) have been historically implicated as potential triggers for T1DM.
  • Previous serological studies suggested a link, but recent evidence uses direct genome detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence supporting Enteroviruses (EV) as a candidate trigger for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM).
  • To evaluate the association between EV infection and clinical T1DM.
  • To assess EV's potential role in triggering autoimmune responses leading to T1DM.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature and studies.
  • Analysis of evidence based on three key criteria: association with clinical T1DM, potential to induce autoimmunity, and explanatory mechanisms.

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  • Consideration of data from early serological studies and recent RT-PCR detection methods.

    • Main Results:

    • Enterovirus (EV) infections are increasingly considered potential environmental triggers for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM).
    • Direct detection methods like RT-PCR provide stronger evidence for EV presence in T1DM development.
    • The review assesses the cumulative evidence regarding EV's role in T1DM pathogenesis.

    Conclusions:

    • The evidence suggests Enteroviruses (EV) are a plausible candidate environmental trigger for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM).
    • Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which EV may initiate or accelerate T1DM autoimmunity.
    • Understanding this link could inform future prevention and therapeutic strategies for T1DM.