Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline

Bernoulli's equation relates the energy conservation in a fluid moving along a streamline. The equation applies to incompressible and inviscid fluids under steady flow. For such a flow, Newton's second law is applied to a small fluid element, which experiences forces due to pressure differences, gravity, and velocity variations. The force balance leads to the following form of Bernoulli's equation:

Irrotational Flow

Irrotational Flow

Irrotational flow is characterized by fluid motion where particles do not rotate around their axes, resulting in zero vorticity. For a flow to be irrotational, the curl of the velocity field must be zero. This imposes specific conditions on velocity gradients. For instance, to maintain zero rotation about the z-axis, the gradient condition:

Plane Potential Flows

Plane Potential Flows

Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
Uniform Flow
Uniform flow...

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.

Typical Model Studies

Typical Model Studies

Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Bioprocess Design and Optimization of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells.

ACS nano·2026

Same author

Investigating the Effect of Intermittent Catheter Lubricant Type on the Transfer of Urinary Tract-Related Bacteria Using an In Vitro Bacterial Displacement Test.

Cureus·2025

Same author

Antarctic meltwater alters future projections of climate and sea level.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Global mean sea level over the past 4.5 million years.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Same author

Advancing biopharmaceutical manufacturing: economic and sustainability assessment of end-to-end continuous production of monoclonal antibodies.

Trends in biotechnology·2024

Same author

Geologically constrained 2-million-year-long simulations of Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat and expansion through the Pliocene.

Nature communications·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

Published on: February 3, 2014

Dip and anisotropy effects on flow using a vertically skewed model grid.

John R Hoaglund¹, David Pollard

¹The Pennsylvania State University, Earth and Mineral Sciences Environment Institute, 2217 Earth-Engineering Sciences, University Park, PA 16802-6813, USA. hoaglund@essc.psu.edu

|December 3, 2003

Summary

New Darcy flow equations improve groundwater flow simulations in complex geological structures. These equations account for structural dip, enhancing accuracy in models like MODFLOW for deformed bedding planes.

More Related Videos

Visualizing Hyporheic Flow Through Bedforms Using Dye Experiments and Simulation

Visualizing Hyporheic Flow Through Bedforms Using Dye Experiments and Simulation

Published on: November 18, 2015

Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques

Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques

Published on: March 12, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

Published on: February 3, 2014

Visualizing Hyporheic Flow Through Bedforms Using Dye Experiments and Simulation

Visualizing Hyporheic Flow Through Bedforms Using Dye Experiments and Simulation

Published on: November 18, 2015

Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques

Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques

Published on: March 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Hydrogeology
Computational Geoscience
Geophysics

Background:

Accurate groundwater flow modeling is crucial for resource management and environmental studies.
Traditional models often simplify complex geological formations, leading to simulation inaccuracies.
Deformed bedding planes in structural terrain pose significant challenges for conventional numerical methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To derive Darcy flow equations for skewed Cartesian grids that accurately represent groundwater flow in dipping strata.
To correct for errors introduced by structural dip in vertical and bedding-parallel flow components.
To enable the simulation of groundwater flow in complex geological terrains with deformed bedding planes.

Main Methods:

Derivation of Darcy flow equations for a skewed Cartesian grid in a vertical plane.
Incorporation of principal hydraulic conductivities in bedding-parallel and bedding-orthogonal directions.
Analysis of flow errors resulting from varying structural dip angles and gradient directions.

Main Results:

Development of corrected Darcy flow equations applicable to skewed coordinate systems.
Quantification of flow errors for structural dips ranging from 0 to 90 degrees.
Demonstration of the equations' applicability to groundwater models like MODFLOW.

Conclusions:

The derived equations enhance the accuracy of groundwater flow simulations in structural terrains.
Modified groundwater models require input arrays for strike and dip, and solvers capable of handling off-diagonal hydraulic conductivity terms.
These advancements facilitate more reliable predictions of fluid movement in complex geological settings.