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Phase transitions in calcium nitrate thin films.

Hind A Al-Abadleh1, B J Krueger, J L Ross

  • 1Department of Chemistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|December 4, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Calcium carbonate reacts with air pollutants, forming salts that degrade materials. Deliquescence of these salts occurs at lower humidity than expected, posing risks to artifacts.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Conservation Science

Background:

  • Calcium carbonate is a common mineral found in many natural and man-made materials.
  • Interaction between calcium carbonate and atmospheric pollutants can lead to material degradation.
  • Salt formation and subsequent deliquescence are key mechanisms in this deterioration process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the deliquescence behavior of calcium nitrate thin films, a representative salt formed from calcium carbonate and air pollutants.
  • To compare the observed deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) with predictions from bulk thermodynamics.
  • To assess the implications of these findings for the preservation of cultural heritage artifacts.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of calcium nitrate thin films.
  • Measurement of deliquescence relative humidity (RH) under controlled environmental conditions.
  • Comparison of experimental data with theoretical thermodynamic models.

Main Results:

  • Deliquescence of calcium nitrate thin films was observed at a lower relative humidity than predicted by bulk thermodynamic data.
  • The measured deliquescence RH is below the threshold recommended for the preservation of sensitive materials.
  • This indicates an accelerated degradation pathway for materials containing calcium carbonate exposed to pollutants.

Conclusions:

  • Thin film effects significantly lower the deliquescence relative humidity for salts like calcium nitrate.
  • Current preservation guidelines based on bulk thermodynamics may not adequately protect artifacts from pollutant-induced degradation.
  • Further research is needed to refine preservation strategies considering thin film deliquescence phenomena.

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