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Updated: Aug 18, 2026

Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications
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Tyrosine oxidation products: analysis and biological relevance
C Giulivi1, N J Traaseth, K J A Davies
1Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth 55812, USA. cgiulivi@d.umn.edu
Abstract:
Dityrosine is found in several proteins as a product of UV irradiation, gamma-irradiation, aging, exposure to oxygen free radicals, nitrogen dioxide, peroxynitrite, and lipid hydroperoxides. Interest of dityrosine in proteins is based on its potential as a specific marker for oxidatively damaged proteins and their selective proteolysis, hence it could be used as a marker for oxidative stress. Dityrosine is also the product of normal post-translational processes affecting specific structural proteins. Since post-translational modification of a given amino acid in a protein is equivalent to the substitution of that residue by an analogue, it has been proposed that the covalent modification of amino acids may serve as a "marking" step for protein degradation.
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