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Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea
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Does flower color variation matter in deception pollinated Psychilis monensis (Orchidaceae)?

Susan Aragón1, James D Ackerman

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan, PR 00931-3360, USA. saragongeo@yahoo.com

Oecologia
|December 11, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Negative frequency dependent selection (FDS) did not explain floral color variation in the rewardless orchid Psychilis monensis. High variation in flower color may be due to genetic drift rather than selection.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Negative frequency dependent selection (FDS) is a proposed mechanism for maintaining high variability in floral traits of rewardless plants.
  • Previous evidence for FDS in discontinuous traits has been equivocal.
  • Psychilis monensis, an epiphytic orchid on Mona Island, Puerto Rico, exhibits continuous variation in flower color and lacks nectar rewards.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally test the FDS hypothesis for continuous variation in flower color in Psychilis monensis.
  • To determine if FDS influences the reproductive success of rewardless orchids.
  • To investigate the factors contributing to high natural levels of color variation in P. monensis.

Main Methods:

  • A Latin Square design was used to manipulate flower color in three P. monensis populations.
  • Reproductive success (male and female) was measured over time.
  • Environmental and community factors, including pollinator activity and flowering phenology, were observed.

Main Results:

  • Over 50% of variation in reproductive success was explained by time and site, not the manipulated flower color treatment.
  • No significant effect of FDS treatment was found, except as part of a three-way interaction.
  • Community-wide changes occurred during the experiment, with increased pollinator visits over time as P. monensis became the sole flowering species.

Conclusions:

  • Negative frequency dependent selection appears to be sporadic or non-existent in this system.
  • Reproductive success is strongly influenced by locality and date, reflecting local community phenology.
  • High natural levels of flower color variation in P. monensis may be more influenced by genetic drift than by selection.