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Organization of Genes

Organization of Genes

Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

Gene Families

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...

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Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.

Gene Families

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...

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Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information

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The Gene Ontology (GO) database and informatics resource.

M A Harris¹, J Clark, A Ireland

¹GO-EBI, Hinxton, UK.

Nucleic Acids Research

|December 19, 2003

Summary

The Gene Ontology (GO) project offers standardized biological terms for annotating genes and proteins. This resource facilitates functional analysis and data integration for researchers worldwide.

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Area of Science:

Bioinformatics
Molecular Biology
Genomics

Background:

The Gene Ontology (GO) project provides a crucial framework for describing gene and protein functions.
It offers structured, controlled vocabularies essential for annotating biological entities.
GO is widely adopted by model organism databases and genome annotation groups.

Purpose of the Study:

To present the Gene Ontology (GO) resource and its ongoing development.
To highlight the integration of vocabularies and community annotations.
To emphasize the utility of GO for functional genomics and data analysis.

Main Methods:

Development and curation of structured vocabularies for molecular and cellular biology.
Integration of community-contributed gene and protein annotation datasets.
Provision of web-based access to GO data and related documentation.

Main Results:

A comprehensive, freely available resource of GO vocabularies and integrated annotations.
Facilitation of standardized gene and protein annotation across diverse biological databases.
Support for functional analysis through accessible GO data and web tools.

Conclusions:

The Gene Ontology serves as a foundational resource for biological research, enabling consistent functional annotation and data integration.
Continuous community involvement ensures the GO's expansion and relevance.
The GO Web resource empowers researchers with data access and analytical tools for advancing biological understanding.