Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2026

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation
11:19

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Published on: January 17, 2011

Propofol-ketamine mixture for anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization

Alexander Kogan1, Rachel Efrat, Jacob Katz

  • 1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva 49100, Israel. akogan@clalit.org.il

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
|December 23, 2003
PubMed

Insights

This study found that a propofol-ketamine mixture is a safe anesthetic for pediatric cardiac catheterization. The combination provided effective anesthesia with minimal complications in young patients.

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • General anesthesia is crucial for pediatric cardiac catheterization.
  • Propofol and ketamine are commonly used anesthetics.
  • Evaluating combined anesthetic safety is essential for pediatric procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the safety and efficacy of a propofol-ketamine mixture for inducing and maintaining anesthesia.
  • To evaluate the anesthetic's impact on spontaneously breathing pediatric patients during cardiac catheterization.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective clinical study involving 45 pediatric patients (6 months to 16 years).
  • Continuous intravenous infusion of propofol (4 mg/mL) and ketamine (2 mg/mL) mixture.
  • Monitoring of hemodynamic, respiratory, and recovery variables.

Main Results:

  • Mean ketamine dose: 26 +/- 8.3 microg/kg/min; propofol dose: 68.3 +/- 21.7 microg/kg/min.
  • Minor hemodynamic changes (heart rate, mean arterial pressure) in a few patients.
  • Transient hypoventilation in 3 patients, successfully managed with oxygen and ventilation support; no other complications.

Conclusions:

  • Propofol-ketamine mixture is a safe and practical anesthetic option.
  • Suitable for general anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.
  • Demonstrates a favorable safety profile with effective anesthesia delivery.
Abstract

More Related Videos

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery09:47

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery

Published on: June 2, 2022

Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Cardiac Catheterization IV: Nursing Management01:26

Cardiac Catheterization IV: Nursing Management

Nursing responsibilities before cardiac catheterization include:Assess for allergies and establish baseline health status.Before cardiac catheterization, assess the patient for allergies to contrast dye. Perform a comprehensive baseline assessment, including vital signs, heart and breath sounds, and a neurovascular assessment of the extremities, noting distal pulses, skin color, and temperature. Instruct the patient to fast for 8-12 hours before the procedure. Evaluate baseline laboratory...
Cardiac Catheterization I: Pre-Procedure Overview01:28

Cardiac Catheterization I: Pre-Procedure Overview

Cardiac catheterization is an invasive diagnostic technique used to identify and evaluate structural and functional diseases of the heart and major blood vessels. This technique diagnoses congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and coronary spasms and assesses ventricular function. It helps guide treatment decisions, including the need for revascularization procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management01:25

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management

Pharmacologic intervention is crucial in treating cardiac arrest patients during ACLS or Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. The ACLS algorithms guide the administration of specific drugs based on the patient's cardiac arrest rhythm, which includes pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), asystole, and pulseless electrical activity (PEA).EpinephrineIndication: Epinephrine is the first-line drug for all cardiac arrest rhythms.Mechanism of Action: Epinephrine...