Endogenous VEGF-A is responsible for mitogenic effects of MCP-1 on vascular smooth muscle cells

Vessel wall remodeling is a complex phenomenon in which the loss of differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) occurs. We investigated the role of rat macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 on rat VSMC proliferation and migration to identify the mechanism(s) involved in this kind of activity. Exposure to very low concentrations (1-100 pg/ml) of rat MCP-1 induced a significant proliferation of cultured rat VSMCs assessed as cell duplication by the counting of total cells after exposure to test substances. MCP-1 stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration in a two-dimensional lateral sheet migration of adherent cells in culture. Endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) was responsible for the mitogenic activity of MCP-1, because neutralizing anti-VEGF-A antibody inhibited cell proliferation in response to MCP-1. On the contrary, neutralizing anti-fibroblast growth factor-2 and anti-platelet-derived growth factor-bb antibodies did not affect VSMC proliferation induced by MCP-1. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed an increased expression of either mRNA or VEGF-A protein after MCP-1 activation (10-100 pg/ml), whereas no fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt)-1 receptor upregulation was observed. Because we have previously demonstrated that hypoxia (3% O2) can enhance VSMC proliferation induced by VEGF-A through Flt-1 receptor upregulation, the effects of hypoxia on the response of VSMCs to MCP-1 were investigated. Severe hypoxia (3% O2) potentiated the growth-promoting effect of MCP-1, which was able to significantly induce cell proliferation even at a concentration as low as 0.1 pg/ml. These findings demonstrate that low concentrations of rat MCP-1 can directly promote rat VSMC proliferation and migration through the autocrine production of VEGF-A.