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Related Concept Videos

Conversion of Units01:36

Conversion of Units

Sometimes, there is a need to convert from one unit to another one. For instance, reading a cookbook in which quantities are expressed in units of liters or ounces may require conversion of quantities to cups. Or, when looking up directions on how to get to a location, we may be interested to know how many miles we are going to walk. In this case, we would have to convert units of feet or meters to miles.
The first step in the unit conversion is to list the given units and the units required...
Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the rocket's...
Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II01:12

Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II

The motion of a rocket is governed by the conservation of momentum principle. A rocket's momentum changes by the same amount (with the opposite sign) as the ejected gases. As time goes by, the rocket's mass (which includes the mass of the remaining fuel) continuously decreases, and its velocity increases. Therefore, the principle of conservation of momentum is used to explain the dynamics of a rocket's motion. The ideal rocket equation gives the change in velocity that a rocket experiences by...
Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites01:16

Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites

The Moon orbits around the Earth. In turn, the Earth (and other planets) orbit the Sun. The space directly above our atmosphere is filled with artificial satellites in orbit. One can examine the circular orbit, the simplest kind of orbit, to understand the relationship between the speed and the period of planets and satellites with respect to their positions and the bodies that they orbit.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) first suggested that the Earth and all other planets orbit the Sun in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron
09:41

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Published on: June 9, 2016

Materials trade study for lunar/gateway missions.

R K Tripathi1, J W Wilson, F A Cucinotta

  • 1NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA. r.k.tripathi@larc.nasa.gov

Advances in Space Research : the Official Journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)
|December 31, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Protecting astronauts from deep space radiation is critical for NASA missions. While current materials suffice for single trips, revolutionary shielding is essential for long-duration career astronauts to the Moon and Lagrange points.

Keywords:
NASA Center JSCNASA Discipline Radiation HealthNASA Program Biomedical Research and Countermeasures

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Last Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron
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Area of Science:

  • Space exploration
  • Radiation protection
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Human deep space missions face significant radiation hazards, identified as a primary challenge by NASA.
  • Proposed deep space mission hubs include the Moon and Earth-Moon Lagrange points (L1 and L2).
  • Minimizing shielding mass is crucial for cost-effectiveness without compromising astronaut safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify effective radiation shielding strategies for astronauts and habitats on deep space missions.
  • To evaluate shielding approaches for both single missions and long-term career astronauts.
  • To assess the impact of material selection and crew profiles on mission design and operations.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted material trade studies for radiation shield design.
  • Analyzed multi-segmented missions to the Moon, L1, and L2 Lagrange points.
  • Considered transport and duty phases of space missions.

Main Results:

  • Current materials provide adequate shielding for single deep space missions.
  • Shield material selection is critical for career astronauts undertaking multiple missions.
  • Development of revolutionary materials is necessary for long-duration space travel.

Conclusions:

  • Adequate radiation shielding is achievable for short-term missions with existing technology.
  • Long-term human presence in deep space necessitates advanced, potentially multifunctional, shielding materials.
  • Further research into novel materials and detailed geometric studies is recommended.