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Risk management frameworks for human health and environmental risks.

Cindy Jardine1, Steve Hrudey, John Shortreed

  • 1Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. cindy.jardine@ualberta.ca

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews
|December 31, 2003
PubMed
Summary

This study reviews risk assessment, management, and communication approaches across agencies to identify effective elements for environmental, human, and occupational health risks. It proposes seven key elements and ten guiding principles for comprehensive risk management decision-making.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Occupational Health
  • Risk Management

Background:

  • Agencies globally employ diverse risk assessment, management, and communication strategies.
  • Existing approaches vary in strengths, weaknesses, and applicability across different risk domains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive analytical review of current risk management frameworks.
  • To identify commonalities, differences, and essential elements for effective risk assessment, management, and communication.
  • To propose a robust framework applicable to environmental, human health, and occupational health risks.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewed over 100 risk documents from more than 80 national, provincial/state, territorial, and international agencies.
  • Examined general and specific risk assessment/management frameworks (e.g., contaminated sites, food safety, medical devices).

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  • Selected 12 key frameworks for in-depth analysis based on relevance, comprehensiveness, and international standing.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified seven essential elements for a comprehensive risk management framework: problem formulation, stakeholder involvement, communication, quantitative assessment, iteration/evaluation, informed decision-making, and flexibility.
    • Proposed a 10-point checklist for sound risk management decisions, emphasizing problem definition, context, multi-dimensional risk balancing, reliability, stakeholder engagement, communication, and continuous evaluation.
    • Outlined 10 guiding principles for risk management decision-making, rooted in ethical considerations such as beneficence, fairness, equity, utility, honesty, caution, autonomy, flexibility, and acknowledging the impossibility of zero risk.

    Conclusions:

    • A single, universal risk management approach is not feasible due to diverse applications.
    • Increasing experience fosters a common understanding of essential elements and principles for effective risk assessment, management, and communication.
    • Successful risk management requires balancing competing priorities, flexibility, and sound judgment.