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Transferring voice effects in recognition memory from remembering to knowing.

Irene Karayianni1, John M Gardiner

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Voice congruency impacts memory retrieval. Effects shifted from remembering to knowing when encoding was less robust, supporting distinctiveness and fluency theories in memory research.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Recognition memory involves two processes: remembering (recollection of specific events) and knowing (a feeling of familiarity without specific recall).
  • Voice congruency, the match between study and test voice, is hypothesized to influence these memory processes differently.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how voice congruency affects remembering and knowing in recognition memory.
  • To explore the role of encoding richness and distinctiveness in modulating voice congruency effects.

Main Methods:

  • Five experiments were conducted using recognition memory tasks.
  • Stimuli included low- and medium-frequency words and nonwords.
  • Voice congruency (same vs. different voices) was manipulated at study and test.
  • Divided attention was employed during study in one condition.

Main Results:

  • Voice congruency effects were observed only in remembering for familiar words.
  • For nonwords, voice congruency affected both remembering and knowing.
  • Under divided attention with nonwords, the voice congruency effect transferred from remembering to knowing.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support a distinctiveness/fluency account of remembering and knowing.
  • Results align with theories differentiating episodic (remembering) and semantic (knowing) memory retrieval.