Related Experiment Videos
Trace elements and vitamins in maintenance dialysis patients
Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh1, Joel D Kopple
1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Torrance, CA 90509-2910, USA. kamkal@ucla.edu
Abstract:
Although protein-energy malnutrition occurs commonly in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis treatment, it is not the only form of malnutrition that may exist in these individuals. They may also suffer from deficiencies of micronutrients, particularly trace elements and vitamins. More commonly occurring vitamin deficiencies in maintenance dialysis patients include those for vitamin C (ascorbate), folate, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol). Among trace elements, deficiencies may occur more commonly for iron, zinc, and possibly selenium, whereas toxicities are more common with aluminum and possibly copper. Evidence suggests that there is an abnormally high prevalence of antioxidant deficiency in maintenance dialysis patients, especially because a low intake of protein and energy may be associated with inadequate ingestion of antioxidant vitamins (ie, vitamins E and C and carotenoids). Thus, some micronutrient deficiencies in maintenance dialysis patients may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Dietary requirements for vitamins and trace elements in maintenance dialysis patients are reviewed and the recommended daily intakes are discussed.
Related Concept Videos
Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Introduction to Electrolytes
Role of Sodium
One...
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention