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Related Concept Videos

Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a surface,...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Introduction to Chemical Bonds01:01

Introduction to Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds
The electrons of the outermost energy level determine the energetic stability of the atom and its tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. The innermost electron shell has a maximum capacity of two electrons, but the next two electron shells can each have a maximum of eight electrons. This is known as the octet rule, which states that, with the exception of the innermost shell, atoms are most stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell, the...
Covalent Bonds01:08

Covalent Bonds

Overview
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.
Combining Functions01:16

Combining Functions

Functions can be combined to form new mathematical models that describe interactions between variables. These combinations are fundamental in understanding relationships between changing quantities and are commonly encountered in scientific and engineering contexts. The combination methods—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition—each have unique implications for the resulting function’s domain and behavior.When combining functions through arithmetic operations, such...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Halogen bonding: a new interaction for liquid crystal formation.

H Loc Nguyen1, Peter N Horton, Michael B Hursthouse

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EXETER EX4 4QD, UK.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 8, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Researchers demonstrate that halogen bonding can induce liquid crystal properties. Mixing specific nonmesomorphic compounds creates a complex exhibiting thermotropic smectic A and nematic phases for the first time.

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06:44

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Liquid crystals exhibit properties between conventional liquids and solid crystals.
  • Halogen bonding is a non-covalent interaction involving a halogen atom and an electron donor.
  • Inducing liquid crystallinity in nonmesomorphic materials is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of halogen bonding to induce liquid crystal behavior.
  • To synthesize and characterize a novel halogen-bonded complex.
  • To explore the phase behavior of the resulting complex.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a 1:1 complex between 4-alkoxystilbazole and pentafluoroiodobenzene.
  • X-ray single-crystal analysis to confirm complex integrity.
  • Thermotropic phase behavior analysis (smectic A and nematic phases).

Main Results:

  • The formation of a stable 1:1 halogen-bonded complex was confirmed.
  • The complex exhibited thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior.
  • Specific mesophases observed include smectic A and nematic phases.

Conclusions:

  • Halogen bonding is a viable strategy for inducing liquid crystal behavior in nonmesomorphic compounds.
  • The synthesized complex represents a new class of halogen-bonded liquid crystals.
  • This finding opens new avenues for designing functional materials with tunable properties.