Estrogen receptor corepressors -- a role in human breast cancer?

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) has an established role in promoting breast cancer. Transcriptional activation by ERalpha is a complex and multistep process, and it is influenced by coactivator and corepressor proteins that can either positively or negatively modulate ERalpha-mediated transcriptional activity. Corepressors are proposed to provide a counterbalance to the estrogen-induced transactivation, and represent a potential mechanism employed by the cell to regulate hormonal responses. In this review, we present evidence from tissue culture, animal and clinical studies, supporting the hypothesis that corepressors are crucial regulators of ERalpha-mediated action, and that their loss could promote breast cancer development and resistance to endocrine therapy. We propose that ERalpha corepressors play an important biological role by controlling the magnitude of the estrogen response, mediating antiestrogen inhibition of ERalpha, repressing DNA-bound ERalpha in the absence of the ligand, and conferring active repression of ERalpha-downregulated genes. Different ERalpha corepressors regulate steroid receptor activity through a variety of mechanisms, including formation of multiprotein complexes that are able to affect chromatin remodeling, histone deacetylation, or basal transcription. Other mechanisms include competition with coactivators, interference with DNA binding and ERalpha homodimerization, alteration of ERalpha stability, sequestration of ERalpha in the cytoplasm, and effects on RNA processing. Most ERalpha corepressors can control the receptor's activity through more than one mechanism, and it is possible that the synergy between different pathways cooperates to fully inhibit ERalpha transcriptional activity, and create an integrated response to a variety of different cellular signaling pathways. We will discuss the role of corepressors in tumor suppression and the link they might present between ERalpha regulation and DNA repair. Finally, we will discuss major challenges in the field and speculate on the exciting findings that await us in the next few years.