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Updated: Aug 29, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
Published on: August 13, 2019
Low-dose transdermal estradiol for symptomatic perimenopause
1Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular Genetics, and Division of Reproductive Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. lps5@cornell.edu
Objective:
To determine whether low-dose transdermal estrogen therapy is associated with a reduction in vasomotor symptoms in women who continue to have menstrual cycles.
Design:
An open-label, observational evaluation conducted over 12 months in 22 consecutive perimenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms.
Results:
Improvement in vasomotor symptoms was reported by 16 (73%) of women evaluated. Of responders, 11 characterized symptom relief as complete and 6 as moderate. Fifteen (68%) of the women remained on transdermal estrogen at 12 months. No adverse health-related events were attributed to estrogen therapy.
Conclusion:
Low-dose transdermal estrogen is well tolerated and was associated with a reduction in complaints of vasomotor symptoms before menopause. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of transdermal delivery of unopposed estrogen may be advantageous in a population sensitive to fluctuations in circulating hormone levels.
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