Differential expression of LMO4 protein in Alzheimer's disease

The molecular bases of late-onset and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) still have to be unraveled. Among putative candidates for molecular variations in AD, we propose LMO4 protein, a transcription regulator, involved in multiple protein complexes. We investigated changes in LMO4 immunoreactivity in vulnerable brain regions of AD cases and controls of comparable age. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed a high level of LMO4 expression in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and in the CA1 hippocampal region of the control brains and a consistent decrease in the AD brains, correlated with the amount of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) degenerating neurones and the severity of senile plaques deposition. The decrease in LMO4 immunoreactivity resulted both from weaker immunoreactive signals and from a loss of immunoreactive neurones. LMO4 immunocytochemical staining appeared not to be colocalized with NFT in a majority of neurones. Its expression was weak in the dentate gyrus and stronger in CA3-4, two regions with no or low numbers of NFT, but there was no decrease in AD compared to control cases. In the frontal cortex, the ventro-infero-median region (area 12) showed a greater LMO4 expression than the polar one (area 9), but no decrease in AD was observed. As LMO4 has been proposed to inhibit cellular differentiation, it can be hypothesized that a reduced expression is associated in EC and CA1 with attempts of diseased neurones to differentiate (e.g. compensatory neuritogenesis). Taken together, these data indicate that LMO4 protein is involved in the complexity of the disease phenotype, at least as a secondary factor.