A cytosolic source of calcium unveiled by hydrogen peroxide with relevance for epithelial cell death

Oxidative stress releases intracellular calcium, which plays a pathogenic role in mammalian cell death. Here we report a search for the source of oxidative calcium in HeLa cells based on confocal epifluorescence microscopy. H(2)O(2) caused a rapid increase in cytosolic calcium, which was followed by mitochondrial Ca(2+) loading. Combined mitochondrial uncoupling with full depletion of thapsigargin-sensitive stores abrogated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated calcium release but failed to inhibit H(2)O(2)-induced calcium release, observation that was confirmed in MDCK cells. Prevention of peroxide-induced acidification with a pH clamp was also ineffective, discarding a role for endosomal/lysosomal Ca(2+)/H(+) exchange. Lysosomal integrity was not affected by H(2)O(2). Mature human erythrocytes also reacted to peroxide by releasing intracellular calcium, thus directly demonstrating the cytosolic source. Glutathione depletion markedly sensitized cells to H(2)O(2), an effect opposite to that achieved by DTT. Iron chelation was ineffective. In summary, our results show the existence of a previously unrecognized sulfhydryl-sensitive source of pathogenic calcium in the cytosol of mammalian cells.