Genetic damage following introduction of DNA in Phycomyces

Introduction of plasmids in Phycomyces blakesleeanus caused extensive changes in the exogenous DNA and in the resident genome. Plasmids with a bacterial gene for geneticin resistance under a Phycomyces promoter were either injected into immature sporangia or incubated with spheroplasts. An improved method produced about one viable spheroplast per cell. Colonies resistant to geneticin were rare and only about 0.1% of their spores grew in the presence of geneticin. The transformation frequency was very low, < or =1 transformed colony per million spheroplasts or per microg DNA. Few nuclei in the transformants contained exogenous DNA, as shown by a selective procedure that sampled single nuclei from heterokaryons. The exogenous DNA was not integrated into the genome and no stable transformants were obtained. The plasmids were replicated in the recipient cells, but their DNA sequences were modified by deletions and rearrangements and the transformed phenotype was eventually lost. The spores developed in injected sporangia were often inviable; a genetic test showed that spore death was caused by impaired nuclear proliferation and induction of lethal mutations. About one-fourth of the viable spores from injected sporangia formed abnormal colonies with obvious changes in shape, texture, or color. The abnormalities that could be investigated were due to dominant mutations. The results indicate that incoming DNA is not only attacked, but signals a situation of stress that leads to increased mutation and nuclear and cellular death.