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Related Concept Videos

What is the Endocrine System?00:46

What is the Endocrine System?

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The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. These signals are produced in endocrine cells, secreted into the extracellular fluid, and then diffuse into the blood. Eventually, they diffuse out of the blood and bind to target cells which have specialized receptors to recognize the hormones.
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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Echocardiographic Characterization of Left Ventricular Structure, Function, and Coronary Flow in Neonate Mice
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Acute plasma expansion: left ventricular hemodynamics and endocrine function during exercise.

I L Kanstrup1, J Marving, P F Høilund-Carlsen

  • 1Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|November 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plasma expansion with dextran increased cardiac output and stroke volume in healthy subjects. This improved exercise performance by increasing left ventricular end-diastolic volume while end-systolic volume remained unchanged.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Understanding the effects of plasma expansion on cardiac function is crucial for managing various clinical conditions.
  • Acute plasma expansion is a common intervention, but its impact on cardiac mechanics during exercise requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of acute plasma expansion on left ventricular volumes and ejection dynamics at rest and during submaximal exercise.
  • To assess the influence of plasma expansion on cardiac output, stroke volume, and filling pressures.

Main Methods:

  • 11 healthy subjects underwent isotope cardiography to measure left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and end-systolic volume (LVESV).
  • Measurements were taken at rest and during two submaximal one-legged exercise loads, before and after plasma expansion with a 6% dextran solution.
  • Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, central venous pressure (CVP), and systemic vascular resistance were also monitored.

Main Results:

  • Plasma expansion significantly increased blood volume, cardiac output, and stroke volume at rest and during exercise.
  • Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) increased post-plasma expansion, leading to a higher stroke volume without changes in left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV).
  • Systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure decreased, while left ventricular peak filling and ejection rates increased.

Conclusions:

  • Acute plasma expansion effectively enhances cardiac output and stroke volume in healthy individuals.
  • The improved cardiac performance is attributed to increased preload (LVEDV) rather than altered contractility (unchanged LVESV).
  • Plasma expansion may be beneficial for augmenting cardiovascular function during exercise.