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Updated: Aug 29, 2026

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
Published on: October 24, 2025
Ethical considerations in newer reproductive technologies
Frank A Chervenak1, Laurence B McCullough, Zev Rosenwaks
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. fac2001@med.cornell.edu
Abstract:
Ethics is an essential dimension of newer reproductive technologies. In this rapidly evolving field, there is a need for an ethical framework to guide both clinical practice and research. In this article, we provide such a framework that incorporates ethical principles, professional virtues, and the concept of the fetus as a patient. We then apply this framework to an important current clinical issue: the number of embryos to be transferred during in vitro fertilization; in addition to an emerging research issue: gene transfer research on in vitro embryos.
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