Simulation of some short-term control mechanisms in cardiovascular physiology

The equivalent electronic circuit, developed to simulate cardiovascular physiology, is upgraded to incorporate negative feedback loops. In this way homeostasis of the arterial pressure is simulated in exercise, in haemorrhage, in the insufficiency of the aortic valve, and in hypervolemia. The results show that homeostasis supports the cardiovascular system by modulating Starling mechanism(s) in exercise, haemorrhage and hypervolemia. In aortic insufficiency it seems that only Starling mechanism(s) can maintain cardiac output and arterial pressure.