[Biochemistry of lifespan extension]

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry of aging
• Cellular mechanisms of longevity
• Mitochondrial function and oxidative stress

Context:

• Aging is influenced by the balance between damage generation (active oxygen and carbonyl species) and protective/repair mechanisms.
• Mitochondrial respiratory chain is a common target for geroprotectors like antioxidants, melatonin, and biguanides.
• Evolutionary strategies (r-selection vs. K-selection) dictate differing longevity determinants.

Purpose:

• To review biochemical mechanisms underlying lifespan extension and aging.
• To identify common targets and species-specific factors influencing longevity.
• To compare gerontological findings with demographic data and ancient maxims of healthy aging.

Summary:

• In r-selected species, longevity hinges on the balance between anabolic/reproductive and self-maintenance functions, modulated by diet and physical activity via insulin-like peptides, growth hormone, and leptin.
• In K-selected species (including humans), higher regulatory systems, particularly catecholaminergic mechanisms, are more significant, reducing calorie restriction's impact and increasing the importance of physical activity.
• Biochemical aging factors are influenced by neuroendocrine-immune interrelationships and the circulatory system.

Impact:

• Advances in gerontology align with ancient principles of healthy aging, emphasizing physical activity, nutrition, optimism, and disease management.
• Optimal socioeconomic conditions and lifestyle choices can increase the potential to approach maximum human lifespan.
• Public consciousness, rather than scientific limitations, is the primary barrier to realizing longevity reserves.