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Related Concept Videos

GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:29

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GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
GPI-anchor structure
A sequence of 11 enzymatic reactions results in the synthesis of the complete GPI anchor consisting of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic portion. The hydrophobic portion comprises phosphatidylinositol, while the hydrophilic part comprises polar groups like phosphoethanolamine,...
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Helicobacter pylori, a resilient gram-negative bacterium, can thrive in the stomach's harsh, acidic environment. Infection with H. pylori leads to a cascade of events within the stomach lining. One of the critical disruptions caused by this bacterium is the interference with somatostatin production, a hormone responsible for regulating acid secretion. This interference tips the balance, escalating acid secretion and diminishing bicarbonate levels. This imbalance compromises the defensive...
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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the...
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Anchoring Junctions01:03

Anchoring Junctions

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Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
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Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

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In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
The carboxy-terminal of most of the prenylated proteins, such as Ras proteins, contains...
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Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane
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MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function.

David P Bartel1

  • 1Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. dbartel@wi.mit.edu

Cell
|January 28, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that control gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs. These abundant molecules play crucial roles in gene regulation across many organisms.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNA molecules.
  • They play regulatory roles in animals and plants.
  • miRNAs are an abundant class of gene regulatory molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the regulatory roles of microRNAs.
  • To emphasize their abundance and importance in gene regulation.
  • To explain their mechanism of action.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of endogenous small RNA sequences.
  • Identification of miRNA targets.
  • Functional studies of miRNA-mediated gene regulation.

Main Results:

  • MicroRNAs are approximately 22 nucleotides in length.
  • They regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs (mRNAs).
  • miRNAs influence gene output through mRNA cleavage or translational repression.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs are key regulators of gene expression in multicellular organisms.
  • Their abundance suggests a significant impact on cellular processes.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand their diverse roles.