Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 29, 2026
Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
Published on: June 24, 2025
Influence of the murine oestrous cycle on the induction of mucosal immunity
Christine M Gockel1, Shisan Bao, Michael K Holland
1Discipline of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health, The Centre for Biomolecular Vaccine Technology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
Problem:
To determine if the stage of oestrous cycle, at the time of immunization, affects the magnitude of mucosal and systemic immunity.
Method Of Study:
Female BALB/c mice were immunized with tetanus toxoid and cholera toxin by the oral, intranasal and transcutaneous routes. Groups of mice were immunized at proestrus, oestrus, postestrus and diestrus. Antibodies in serum and mucosal secretions were determined by ELISA and T cell responses by lymphocyte proliferation assay.
Results:
Oral immunization at the oestradiol dominant stage of cycle (oestrus and proestrus) significantly enhanced TT-specific IgG and IgA levels in female reproductive tract (FRT) secretions and TT-specific IgA levels in faecal extracts. Transcutaneous immunization at diestrus enhanced TT-specific IgG in faecal extracts. TT-specific T cell proliferation is greatest following intranasal immunization at proestrus and transcutaneous immunization at diestrus, particularly in the caudal and lumbar lymph nodes draining the FRT and colon.
Conclusions:
Reproductive cycle-associated changes in the endogenous sex hormones oestradiol and progesterone influence the levels of vaccine-induced immunity in the FRT and distal colon following oral and transcutaneous immunization.
