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CTLA-4 AT-repeat polymorphism reduces the inhibitory function of CTLA-4 in Graves' disease

Masaki Takara1, Tsuyoshi Kouki, Leslie J DeGroot

  • 1Thyroid Study Unit/MC3090, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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