Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus

Infections of the tissue surrounding the teeth (periodontitis) are usually caused by anaerobic gram-negative microorganisms. This infection causes destruction of the supporting alveolar bone and can lead to tooth loss. Removal of these microorganisms can slow or arrest the progression of periodontitis. Diabetes patients are at greater risk of developing periodontitis, may not respond as well to periodontal therapy as nondiabetic patients, and may require more aggressive treatment to manage periodontitis. Microorganisms that cause periodontitis and the host response to these may increase insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Treatment of periodontitis could improve glycemic control. A model is presented in which periodontal pathogens may cause increases in proinflammatory cytokines that mediate increases in insulin resistance, resulting in an increase in blood glucose. Following periodontal therapy, this process may be reversed.