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Avian immunotoxicology.

Anne Fairbrother1, Judit Smits, Keith Grasman

  • 1Western Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA. fairbrother.anne@epa.gov

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews
|February 11, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Avian immunology research has advanced, enabling contaminant-induced immune suppression studies in diverse bird species. Chronic stress and environmental toxins likely cause gradual declines in bird health and survival.

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Area of Science:

  • Avian immunology
  • Environmental toxicology
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Avian immunology methods have advanced significantly over 20 years.
  • Research now includes field studies alongside laboratory work.
  • Focus areas include environmental contaminant effects and immune system evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the avian immune system and its differences from mammalian systems.
  • To summarize literature on contaminant-induced immunosuppression in birds.
  • To discuss the evolutionary biology of avian immunocompetence.

Main Methods:

  • Adapted conventional mammalian immunological methods for avian studies.
  • Developed field-deployable measures of immune function.
  • Screening chemicals for immunotoxicological properties using a tiered approach.

Main Results:

  • Avian immunology is technically robust across various species, including free-ranging ones.
  • No studies have yet reported measured immune suppression linked to avian epizootics.
  • Chronic stress and contaminants are more likely causes of gradual morbidity and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • The field of avian immunology is well-established for diverse species.
  • Environmental contaminants and chronic stress pose significant threats to bird health and survival.
  • Increased fitness costs from stress may impact genetic diversity and long-term species survival.

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