Synergistic principles of development: overlapping patterning systems in Xenopus mesoderm induction

The first inductive event in Xenopus development establishes the mesoderm at the equator of the developing embryo. As part of this process, the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes of the embryo are initially established. A number of signalling molecules which may play a role in mesodermal induction and patterning have been identified in the last several years, including members of the FGF, TGF-beta and Wnt gene families. A variety of experiments, using either purified factors or injection of RNA encoding these factors, have added to the wealth of classical embryological experimental data collected over the last century. We have synthesized some recent results with the classical data to provide a framework for examining the process of mesoderm induction, and to formulate putative roles for some of the different factors. We incorporate these ideas into a working model of mesoderm induction that provides a basis for future experimental directions. Finally, we suggest that mesoderm induction may not be a discrete set of well separated events, but instead may be a process involving partially overlapping signals that produce the same pattern.