Anthrax of the eyelids

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Infectious Diseases
• Dermatology

Background:

• Anthrax is a zoonotic disease primarily affecting herbivores, caused by Bacillus anthracis.
• Human infections are rare but can occur through various exposure routes.

Observation:

• Three patients presented with localized, itchy, erythematous eyelid papules.
• These lesions progressed to necrotizing ulcers with characteristic black eschars.

Findings:

• Microscopic examination revealed Gram-positive rods consistent with Bacillus anthracis.
• Bacterial cultures confirmed Bacillus anthracis in all three patients.
• Intravenous penicillin G administration resulted in lesion resolution.

Implications:

• This case series highlights anthrax as a rare but important differential diagnosis for eyelid ulcers and pustules.
• Prompt diagnosis and antibiotic treatment are crucial for favorable outcomes in human anthrax cases.
• Ophthalmologists and dermatologists should be aware of this potential diagnosis in relevant clinical presentations.