Aluminium speciation in biology

Before we can understand the role of Al3+ in living organisms we need to learn how it interacts with molecules found in biological systems. The only aluminium oxidation state in biology is 3+. In aqueous solutions there are only two main Al(III) species: the hexahydrate Al3+ at pH < 5.5 and the tetrahedral aluminate at pH > 6.2. In the blood plasma, citrate is the main small molecule carrier and transferrin the main protein carrier of Al3+. In fluids where the concentrations of these two ligands are low, nucleoside di- and triphosphates become Al3+ binders. Under these conditions Al3+ easily displaces Mg2+ from nucleotides. When all three classes of ligands are at low concentrations, catecholamines become likely Al3+ binders. Double-helical DNA binds Al3+ weakly and under no conditions should it compete with other ligands. Al(III) in the cell nucleus probably binds to nucleotides or phosphorylated proteins. Al3+ undergoes ligand exchange much more slowly than most metal ions: 10(5) times slower than Mg2+.