Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 26, 2026
07:40
Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
Published on: May 31, 2021
Development and validation of the Self-Esteem And Relationship (SEAR) questionnaire in erectile dysfunction
J C Cappelleri1, S E Althof, R L Siegel
1Pfizer Inc Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA. joseph_c_cappelleri@groton.pfizer.com
International Journal of Impotence Research
|February 14, 2004
Summary
A new questionnaire, the Self-Esteem And Relationship (SEAR) scale, effectively measures psychosocial factors in men with erectile dysfunction (ED). It shows reliability and responsiveness to treatment, improving confidence and relationship scores.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Urology
- Health Sciences
Background:
- Erectile dysfunction (ED) significantly impacts men's psychosocial well-being, affecting confidence and relationships.
- Existing measures may not fully capture the complex psychosocial dimensions associated with ED.
- A validated patient-reported outcome measure is needed to assess these variables effectively.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate a patient-reported measure for psychosocial variables in men with erectile dysfunction.
- To assess the psychometric properties, including validity and reliability, of the new measure.
- To evaluate the measure's responsiveness to treatment in men with ED.
Main Methods:
- Initial item pool generated from literature review, focus groups, and expert consultation (86 items).
- Item reduction based on redundancy, ambiguity, and item-to-total correlations.
- Psychometric evaluation and validation using data from men with ED (n=98) and controls (n=94).
- Treatment responsiveness assessed via a 10-week open-label trial of sildenafil citrate (n=93).
Main Results:
- The Self-Esteem And Relationship (SEAR) questionnaire was developed with 14 items across two domains: Sexual Relationship and Confidence.
- The Confidence domain includes Self-Esteem and Overall Relationship subscales.
- The SEAR questionnaire demonstrated strong validity and reliability.
- Significant improvement in SEAR scores (P=0.0001) was observed following sildenafil treatment, indicating responsiveness.
Conclusions:
- The SEAR questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing psychosocial aspects in men with ED.
- It effectively measures sexual relationship satisfaction, confidence, and self-esteem.
- The SEAR scale is responsive to treatment benefits, supporting its use in clinical trials and practice.
Related Concept Videos
02:45Self-Discrepancy Theory
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
01:29Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model
The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
01:29Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects
Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
01:28Self-Esteem
Self-esteem, a core aspect of psychological well-being, reflects an individual's positive and negative self-evaluation in terms of worth, competence, and overall value. It is both a stable trait and a dynamic process, influenced by experiences and social interactions across the lifespan. While global self-esteem offers a general assessment, research highlights that self-esteem is multidimensional and varies across specific life domains.Domain-Specific Self-EsteemResearchers have delineated...
01:18Sources of Self-Esteem I: Family Experience
Self-esteem, a crucial component of psychological development, is significantly shaped by familial experiences. The early parent-child relationship serves as a foundational influence on a child's self-concept, with long-lasting effects extending into adolescence and adulthood.Parental Behaviors and Early Self-Esteem FormationEmpirical studies have identified four principal parental behaviors that foster healthy self-esteem in children. These include expressions of acceptance, affection, and...
01:27Need for Self-Esteem
The human need for self-esteem has long intrigued psychologists, leading to the development of several theories that explore its evolutionary and functional significance. Among the most influential are the sociometer, hierometer, and terror management theories. Each offers a unique perspective on why people strive for self-worth and how it shapes behavior and social interaction.Sociometer TheoryAccording to sociometer theory, self-esteem functions as an internal gauge of social acceptance. It...