Growth, body composition and hormonal axes in children and adolescents

Growth and physical maturation are dynamic processes that encompass a broad range of cellular and somatic changes. Most investigators who study growth have focused on linear growth (change in height over time), but alterations in the relative body proportions, body composition, and the regional distribution of body fat (upper body vs lower body, axial vs appendicular, and sc vs deep visceral) are essential elements for growth and sexual maturation. In fact, cardiovascular risk assessment in the adult relies heavily on the regional distribution of body fat. The antecedents for the adult pattern of fat are clearly present in the adolescent, if not the younger child. Standards for each of these parameters have been developed for multiple ethnic and racial populations and aid materially in the identification of children with normal growth and physical development, variations within the broad normal (physiological) range, and those with clearly pathological growth patterns.